Sikh History - Mixed Bank

1. Guru Nanak Dev Ji (1469 - 1539); 2. Guru Angad Dev Ji (1504 - 1552); 3. Guru Amardas Ji (1479 - 1574); 4. Guru Ramdas Ji (1534 - 1581); 5. Guru Arjan Dev Ji (1563 - 1606); 6. Guru Hargobind Ji (1595 - 1644); 7. Guru Har Rai Ji (1630 - 1661); 8. Guru Harkrishan Ji (1656 - 1664); 9. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji (1621 - 1675)

Guru Granth Sahib Ji and Guru Panth Khalsa

They were the sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

1. Baba Ajit Singh Ji (1687 - 1704); 2. Baba Jujhar Singh Ji (1689 - 1704); 3. Baba Zorawar Singh Ji (1696 - 1704)

Baba Ajit Singh Ji

Baba Fateh Singh Ji

1. Baba Fateh Singh Ji

1. Baba Ajit Singh Ji

It was created on the day of Vaisakhi (March 30) of the year 1699 at Kesgarh Saheb, Anandpur by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Khalsa Panth

1. Bhai Daya Singh Ji; 2. Bhai Dharam Singh Ji; 3. Bhai Himmat Singh Ji; 4. Bhai Mohkkam Singh Ji

1. Kes (unshorn hair); 2. Kangha (comb); 3. Kirpan (knife / sword); 4. Kaccha (short breeches)

Guru Gobind Singh Ji

Mata Saheb Kaur Ji

Anandpur Saheb

Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh

Jo Boley So Nihaal Sat Sri Akaal

Disciple

Lion

Princess

Morning (Dawn - Amrit Wela) Japji Saheb Jaap Saheb Sawaiye Evening (Dusk) Rehras Saheb which comprises Sodar, Choupai Saheb, Six (first 5 and 40th) Pauris of Anand Saheb, Mundawani, and Salok Mahala 2, the concluding hymn of Guru Granth Saheb. Night (Before sleeping) (Kirtan) Sohaila

1. Jaap Saheb; 2. Sawaye

1. Shaving or cutting of hair; 2. Eating Kuttha meat; 3. Adultery

1. Akal Takht, Amritsar; 2. Harmandir Saheb, Patna (also known as Patna Saheb); 3. Kesgarh Saheb, Anandpur; 4. Hazur Saheb, Nander

Guru Angad Dev Ji

Guru Amardas Ji

Guru Amardas Ji.

Guru Ramdas Ji

Guru Arjan Dev Ji

Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Guru Arjan Dev Ji

1604 A.D.

Baba Buddha Ji

At Kartarpur

1430 Pages

Six Gurus : First Five Gurus & the Ninth Guru.

October 3, 1708 A.D.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji

Guru Arjan Dev Ji because he was the Pioneer and Champion of Martyrdom in Sikh History.

Guru Hargobind Ji

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji is entitled 'Hind Di Chadar' because he died to protect the Hindu faith.

Contemplation of the Almighty God

Anand Karaj

Four

One-Tenth (called Daswandh)

April 15, 1469 A.D. in Talwandi (now in Pakistan - Nankana Saheb)

Father : Mehta Kalu Ji Mother : Mata Tripta Ji

Bebe Nanaki was Guru Nanak Dev Ji's older sister & Bhai Jai Ram was her husband.

Mata Sulakhani Ji

Baba Sri Chand Ji Baba Lakhmi Das Ji.

Guru Nanak Dev Ji at Kartarpur in 1521 A.D.

Udaasis

Bhai Mardana Ji.

In Ramdas, the city of Baba Buddha, and are called Rababies or the people of Rebeck.

Bhai Laalo

Malik Bhaago

The first 'Manji' was established at Bhai Laalo's house to spread Sikhism in Northern Punjab

Gorakhmata (later became known as Nanakmata)

Kailash Parbat (also called Sumer Parbat)

Sidh Ghosht

Kauda Rakhshash

Raja Shiv Nabh

Babar

Babar

Babarvani (Guru Nanak described the atrocities of Babar and his men in Punjab)

Sayyadpur, now called Eminabad, in Gujranwala district of Pakistan

Hasan Abdal

Panja Saheb

In 1539 at Kartarpur

Seventy Years

In 1504 A.D.

Bhai Lehna

Bhai Pheru

She was the wife of Guru Angad Dev Ji. She is the only woman in Sikh History whose name has been mentioned in Guru Granth Saheb Ji.

2 sons: Bhai Datu and Bhai Dasu 2 daughters: Bibi Amro Ji and Bibi Anokhi Ji

1539 A.D.

Khadur Saheb

Humayun was Babar's son. Having been defeated by Sher Shah, he was fleeing India via Lahore and hearing the repute of Guru Angad Dev Ji, came to meet him at Khadur for his blessings, with a good number of presents

In 1552 A.D.

In 1479 A.D.

Bhai Tej Bhan and Mata Lakhmi (or Mata Bhakt Devi as per some historians)

Bibi Mansa Devi

2 sons: Baba Mohan and Baba Mohri 2 daughters: Bibi Dani and Bibi Bhani

She was the daughter of Guru Angad Dev Ji and daughter-in-law of the brother of Guru Amardas Ji.

61 years old

12 Years

River Beas

1552 A.D.

Bhai Datu

Goindwal

A well with steps proceeding down to the water level.

In 1559 A.D.

Guru Amardas Ji

1567 A.D.

This Community Kitchen must be community supported and depend only on the offerings of the devout.

They had to partake Guru-ka-langar

Baisakhi (April 13), Maghi (1st day of Magha, mid January) and Diwali (festival of lights in October/November)

Wearing of veil by women

The practice of burning the widow on her husbands funeral pyre is called Sati. When the husband died, the wife either voluntarily burnt herself on the pyre of her husband or was thrown into the fire without her consent. In popular term the woman who did perform this act was called Sati (truthful).

Guru Amardas Ji trained and sent out 146 missionaries, out of which 52 were women. (Note: At one time, the country of Afghanistan and Kashmir were under the jurisdiction of women masands.)

In 1574 A.D.

In 1534 A.D.

Hari Das and Anup Devi (some historians list Daya Kaur as the mother)

Bibi Bhani Ji. (Daughter of Guru Amardas Ji.)

Bhai Jetha

Prithi Chand (eldest) Mahadeo Arjan Mal (later became Guru Arjan Dev Ji)

In 1581 A.D. at Goindval.

In 1563 A.D.

Mata Ganga Ji

Hargobind

Meharban.

1589 A.D.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

He was the nephew (son of younger brother) of Guru Amardas Ji. He was one of the most learned Sikhs and his writings are still respected by Sikhs. The copy of Guru Granth Saheb at Kartarpur is written in his hand.

Bhai Gurdas Ji was the cousin brother of Bibi Bhaani Ji, who was the daughter of Guru Amardass Ji, wife of Guru Ramdas Ji, and mother of Guru Arjan Dev Ji

Guru Ramdas Ji

Bhai Gurdas Ji

1629 A.D.

October 17, 1605 A.D.

Jehangir

In Lahore on May 25, 1606 A.D.

Dehra Saheb

In 1595 A.D.

Bibi Nanaki Ji (Some historians have named her Bibi Damodri Ji)

Baba Gurditta (Father of Guru Harrai); Baba Suraj Mal; Baba Ani Rai; Baba Atal Rai

It is 9 storeys high.

Fort of Gwalior.

52.

Miri (Temporal Power) & Piri (Spiritual Power).

Lohgarh.

Throne of the Almighty.

Guru Hargobind Ji

In 1609 A.D.

To represent the unity of spiritual and secular (military) affairs. Akaal Takhat (miri) was complimentary to Harmandar Saheb (piri).

October 28, 1627 A.D.

The battle took place in 1634 A.D. The Emperor sent an army of 7000 cavalry under the command of his general Mukhlis Khan to capture the Guru. In the ensuing battle the Gurus forces emerged victorious after the Guru killed Mukhlis Khan in single combat with his sword. This battle marked a turning point as the Sikhs now turned militant under mughal persecution.

Six battles (He won all the battles)

Bakht Mal and Tara Chand

Jehangir and Shah Jahan

Bhai Bidhi Chand. (The horses belonged to a Sikh who was bringing them from Kabul as an offering for Guru Hargobind Ji, but they were seized on the way by the Mughals. Bidhi Chand recovered the first horse disguised as a hay-seller, and the second disguised as an astrologer.)

Dilbaag and Gulbaag

Bhai Gopala Ji

Six

125 years old

In 1644 A.D.

In 1630 A.D. at Kiratpur.

Baba Gurditta Ji.

Dhir Mal.

Krishan Kaur

1. Ram Rai

Ram Rai, son of Guru Harrai Ji.

1661 A.D.

1656 A.D.

5 (five) years old

Gurdwara Bangla Saheb.

1664 A.D.

8 (eight) years old

Gurdwara Bala Saheb.

"Baba Bakale", which meant that his successor is his grand uncle and would be found at village of Bakala

About 22 (twenty two)

Bhai Makhan Shah

In 1621 A.D. at Amritsar.

Mata Gujri Ji

One son. Gobind Rai later became Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

The Sodhi Mahants

The forces of Raja Ram Singh (a Rajput General of Aurangzeb who led an expedition against Assam) and Ahom King (the local King)

Dhubri

Aurangzeb

1. Bhai Mati Das; 2. Bhai Sati Das

: Sawn into two halves

: Burnt in cotton wrapped around his body

: Boiled in hot water

Pandit Kirpa Ram (later became the Sanskrit teacher of Guru Gobind Singh Ji and eventually became a Khalsa and died fighting in the battle of Chamkaur.)

9 (nine) years old

In Delhi on November 11, 1675 A.D.

Gurdwara Sis Ganj, Chandni Chowk, Delhi

Bhai Lakhi Shah.

Gurdwara Rakab Ganj, Delhi

Bhai Jaita Ji.

Gurdwara Sis Ganj, Anandpur

Sardar Baghel Singh in 1790 A.D.

December 22, 1666 A.D. in Patna.

It is the birth place of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh

1682

Guru Gobind Singh Ji

The Battle of Bhangani was fought in February 1686 between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the hill chiefs led by Raja Bhim Chand of Kahlur. The hill chiefs received a crushing defeat at the hands of the Guru.

Battle of Bhangani

He had four sons, two of which died in the battle of Bhangani

A kanga with some of his broken hair, a kirpan (sword) and a turban

Khalsa Panth was created here on Vaisakhi of 1699 A.D. by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

"Khalsa" is a technical term which in the days of Mughal administration meant inalienable lands or revenues directly looked after or administered by the government of the king. Guru Gobind Singh applied this word specifically to those of the Sikhs whom he had baptized as Singhs/Kaurs. To them he gave the name of Khalsa, 'his own'. (Note that it is not correct to translate the word Khalsa as 'pure'. The word for pure is 'khalis'. The word 'Khalsa' has, however, been derived from 'khalis'.)

He stood before them with folded hands, and begged them to baptise him in the same way as he had baptised them.

He was proclaiming the Punj Pyare to collectively be the Guru. The commission of Punj Pyare was to take his place after him and were competent to conduct the ceremony of baptism after him. What Guru Gobind Singh Ji did was to separate the personal and the scriptural aspects of the Guruship. The one he gave to the Khalsa (Miri) and the other to the Holy Granth (Piri). Both acquired the title of Guru, and were to be addressed as Guru Granth and Guru Panth.

Approximately, 80,000 people were baptised in a few days after the Vaisakhi of 1699.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji ordered that all those who called themselves Sikhs should get themselves confirmed by receiving the new baptism of the sword (Khande-Ki-Pahul). Those who still stood in opposition to his mission - such as Minas, Dhirmalias, and Ramraiyas - were ostracised and their company was forbidden to the true Sikhs.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji started celebrating the Holi festival in his own way. He called it 'Hola Mahalla'. On the day following the Hindu festival, he held a military parade of all the Sikhs, who came out in their best and went through a sort of mimic battle.

Khanda is a double-edged dagger. The Sikh emblem with the two swords of Miri-Piri, a Chakkar, and a Khanda in the middle, derives it's name from this Khanda.

1701 - 1704 A.D.

Bhai Ude Singh

Bhai Bachittar Singh

Battle of Anandpur Saheb

Bhai Kanhaiya (later became Kanhaiya Singh)

December 20, 1704, at Sirsa river

Gangu Brahmin

Saman Burj (tower), Sirhind

Fatehgarh Saheb (Fort of Victory)

Fort of Chamkaur

Machhivara

Nabi Khaan and Gani Khaan

Qazi Pir Muhammad

At Jatpura by a messenger sent by Rai Kalha

On hearing the news, he pulled a shrub from its roots with his arrow and said: "thus will this tyrannous rule be destroyed, root and branch."

They were those forty Sikhs belonging to the village of Majha, who first denied Guru Gobind Singh Ji to be their Guru and later on got martyred for his sake fighting near the lake of Khidrana, also called Isharsar, on 29 December, 1705 after realising their mistake. Guru Gobind Singh Ji blessed them as Chali Mukte, the Forty Immortals. After them Khidrana became Muktsar - the Pool of Liberation.(NOTE : Some writers also refer the forty Sikhs who got killed in the fort of Chamkaur ('Chamkaur Di Gari') while facing an army of one million as the 'Chaali Mukte')

Bhai Maha Singh Ji.

Mai Bhago Ji led the forty Sikhs (Chaali Muktey) back to Guru Gobind Singh Ji. She had also suffered injury in the battle. Guru Gobind Singh Ji took her in his care and there after she stayed on with Guru Gobind Singh Ji as one of his bodyguard, in male attire. After the death of Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Nanded in 1708, she retired further south. She settled down at Jinvara, 11 km from Bidar in Karnataka where, immersed in meditation, she lived to attain a ripe old age. Her hut in Jinvara has now been converted into Gurdwara Tap Asthan Mai Bhago.

Bhai Dalla

1. Guru Gobind Singh Ji reproduced the whole Guru Granth Saheb here from memory.

Resting place.

Bhai Mani Singh Ji

1. Beni; 2. Bhikhan; 3. Dhanna; 4. Farid; 5. Jaidev; 6. Kabir; 7. Namdev; 8. Parmanand; 9. Pipa; 10. Ramanand; 11. Ravidas; 12. Sadhna; 13. Sain; 14. Surdas

Bhagat Kabir Ji (541 hymns out of a total of 922 by 15 bhagats). The compositions consist of 227 Padas in 17 Raags and 237 Salokas.

1398 A.D.

Kabir is an Arabic word meaning 'Great'.

Julaha

Bhagat Kabir was a Weaver.

Swami Ramanand

Kabir Granthavali and Bijak

1448 A.D. (According to some traditional accounts, including those of the Kabirpanthis, as the followers of Kabir are called, he lived for 120 years, from 1398 to 1518).

1173 A.D.

Sheikh Farid, the Sufi mystic and teacher.

Farid is an Arabic word meaning 'Unique'.

4 (Four) Shabads (Hymns) and 112 Salokas (couplets). Guru Nanak, Guru Amardas, and Guru Arjan have continued the theme of some of Farid's couplets.

1265 A.D.

3 (Three) Hymns in Sri Raag, Raag Ramkali, and Raag Prabhati.

2 (Two) Hymns.

1415 A.D.

3 (Three) Hymns.

2 (Two) Hymns in Raag Gujri and Raag Maru.

61 (Sixty one) Hymns.

Bhagat Namdev was a Calico-printer.

1 (One) Hymn on page 1253 of Guru Granth Saheb.

About 1425 A.D.

1 (One) Hymn.

1 (One) Hymn on page 1195 of Guru Granth Saheb.

Bhagat Ravidas was a cobbler. He followed the family profession of tanning hides and making shoes.

40 (Forty) Hymns.

Bhagat Sadhna was a butcher.

1 (One) Hymn in Raag Bilaval on page 858 of Guru Granth Saheb.

1 (One) Hymn.

Bhagat Sain was a barber.

1529 A.D.

1 (One) Hymn in Raag Saarang. In fact, it is not a complete hymn, but a single line: "O mind, abandon the company of those who turn away from God". (Surdas whose verse figures in the Guru Granth Saheb is to be differentiated from the blind poet of the same name who wrote Sur Sagar ).

1267 A.D.

The three-eyed, i.e. one who can see the past, present, and future all at once.

4 (Four) Hymns, one each in Sri Raag and Raag Dhanasari, and two in Raag Gujri.

Bhattas were bards who recited poetry lauding the grandeur of a ruler or the gallantry of a warrior. In the Sikh tradition, Bhattas are poets with the personal experience and vision of the spirituality of the Gurus whom they celebrate in their verse.

1. Bal; 2. Bhal; 3. Bhikha; 4. Gayand; 5. Harbans; 6. Jalap; 7. Kirat; 8. Kulh Sahar; 9. Mathra; 10. Nal

123 (One hundred twenty three).

Kulh (also called Kul Sahar or Kul Thakur).

Hymns of four padas or verses (stanzas).

Hymns of six padas or stanzas.

A sixer. It signifies a bunch of six padas.

Hymns of two padas or verses (stanzas).

Hymns of five padas or verses (stanzas).

Lyrics usually of four stanzas each.

Hymns of eight verses.

Guru Arjan Dev Ji.

Raag Gauri.

Consoler of the mind.

Around 1602-1603 A.D.

24 (Twenty Four), each comprising eight stanzas. A Sloka or couplet precedes each Ashtpadi.

Sloka , in Sanskrit, signifies a verse of laudation. In Hindi and Punjabi, Salok has come to imply a couplet with a moral or devotional content.

57 (Fifty Seven). They were incorporated in Guru Granth Saheb by Guru Gobind Singh. As is commonly believed, they were composed by Guru Teg Bahadur while in the 'Kotwali' (prison) at Chandni Chowk, Delhi, before he achieved martyrdom.

71 (Seventy One) verses (67 by Guru Arjan and 4 by Guru Nanak).

The term 'Sahaskriti' denotes the language-form, a mixture of Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit, in which these Salokas have been written.

Vaar is a verse form in Punjabi, popular in folklore as well as in refined poetry. In the old bardic tradition of the Punjab, Vaar meant the poem itself with it's typical theme as also the form in which it was cast. Structurally, a Vaar consists ofa number of stanzas called Pauris. The number of Pauris as well as lines to a Pauri varies from Vaar to Vaar, though the lines to a Pauri must have a common rhyme.

Guru Granth Saheb contains 22 (Twenty Two) Vaars dealing with spiritual and ethical themes.

Guru Ram Das composed the highest number of Vaars, eight out of the twenty two included in the Guru Granth Saheb. Among the rest, three are by Guru Nanak, four by Guru Amardas, six by Guru Arjan, and one Vaar is by the bards, Satta and Balvand, attached to the Gurus.

All the Vaars in Guru Granth Saheb with the exception of Basant Ki Vaar and Ramkali Ki Vaar by Satta and Balvand, have Salokas added to their Pauris by Guru Arjan at the time of the compilation of the Adi Granth.

The 'Salok Varaan Te Vadheek' is the title given to the miscellany comprising 152 Salokas or couplets appearing in the concluding portion of Guru Granth Saheb. Guru Arjan, when compiling the Adi Granth, introduced Salokas by the Gurus he had collected into the text of 'Vaars'. The couplets left over in the process were assembled under the caption 'Salok Varaan Te Vadheek', i.e. Salokas in excess of the Vaars.

Vaaraan Bhai Gurdas is the title given to the collection of forty Vaars (or ballads) written in Punjabi by Bhai Gurdas. These Vaars, which are accepted as part of approved Sikh canon, reiterate or explain in simple idiom what was contained in the Sikh scripture. In fact, the Vaars were designated by Guru Arjan as the key to the Guru Granth Saheb.

84 (Eighty Four)

31 (Thirty One), the first being Sri Raag and the last Jaijavanti.

1. Sriraag; 2. Majh; 3. Gauri; 4. Aasa; 5. Gujri; 6. Devgandhari; 7. Bihagarha; 8. Vadhans; 9. Sorath; 10. Dhanasari; 11. Jaitsari; 12. Todi; 13. Baerari; 14. Tilang; 15. Suhi; 16. Bilawal; 17. Gond; 18. Ramkali; 19. Nat Narayan; 20. Mali Gourha; 21. Maru; 22. Tukhari; 23. Kedara; 24. Bhairou; 25. Basant; 26. Sarang; 27. Malar; 28. Kanrha; 29. Kalyan; 30. Prabhati

While at Dina, Guru Gobind Singh Ji wrote this 'Epistle of Victory' in Persian to Aurangzeb. In this he reminded him of his ill-treatment, and told him that, though so many of his Sikhs, besides his sons, had been killed, he was still unconquered.

February, 1707 A.D.

Muhammad Sultan died before Aurangzeb on December 14, 1676.

Muhammad Azam

Prince Muhammad Muazzam (later became Emperor Muhammad Muazzam Bahadur Shah)

Battle of Jajau (June 8, 1707)

One of the two pathans sent by Wazir Khan to kill Guru Gobind Singh Ji

October 7, 1708 A.D.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji became 'Joti Jot' (immersed in the Eternal Light) here in 1708 A.D.

Maharaja Ranjit Singh

River Godavari

Jehangir was Akbar's son, Shah Jahan's father and Aurangzeb's grandfather. (Akbar -->Jehangir -->Shah Jahan -->Aurangzeb)

Guru Nanak Dev Ji: Kartarpur Guru Angad Dev Ji: Khadur Saheb Guru Amardas Ji: Goindval Saheb Guru Ramdas Ji: Amritsar Guru Arjan Dev Ji: Tarn Taran, Kartarpur (Jullunder), Sri Hargobindpur Guru Hargobind Ji: Kiratpur, Mehrey Guru Har Rai Ji: Bagat and Chiryaghar of Kiratpur Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji: Anandpur (originally known as Chak Nanaki) Guru Gobind Singh Ji: Paonta Saheb, Guru Ka Lahore

Anandgarh Lohgarh Fatehgarh Holgarh Kesgarh Nirmohgarh

1. Kam (Lust, fornication); 2. Krodh (Anger, wrath); 3. Lobh (Greed, hoarding); 4. Moh (Worldly attachment)

1. Self Control of Kam; 2. Forgiveness of Krodh; 3. Contentment of Lobh; 4. Love of God of Moh

1. Bal Leela; 2. Chhevin Patshai; 3. Dehra Saheb; 4. Kyara Saheb; 5. Maal Ji Saheb; 6. Nankana Saheb; 7. Panja Saheb; 8. Pati Saheb; 9. Sacha Soda

Amritsar Kolsar Santokhsar Bibeksar Ramsar

It is the first 'Pauri' of 'Bhagauti Ki Vaar' (or 'Chandi Ki Vaar') taken from the 'Dasham Granth'.

: Sawn into two pieces (Aariyaan naal cheere gaye)

: Body was cut at each joint (Band band kataye)

: His hair was scrapped off his scalp (Khopariaan utarwaiyaan)

: He and his father (Subeg Singh) were crushed on the wheel. (Charakhariyaan te chare)

1. Guru Ramdas Ji was the son-in-law of Guru Amardas Ji; 2. Guru Arjan Dev Ji was the son of Guru Ramdas Ji; 3. Guru Hargobind Ji was the son of Guru Arjan Dev Ji; 4. Guru Harrai Ji was the grandson of Guru Hargobind Ji; 5. Guru Harkrishan Ji was the son of Guru Harrai Ji; 6. Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was the son of Guru Hargobind Ji

October 27, 1670 A.D.

Lachhman Das

One who gives up worldly life; a sect of Vaishanavs.

Janaki Prasad

Madho Das Bairagi

Aughar Nath

Autumn of 1708 in Nanded

Banda Singh

Slave

Banda Singh 'Bahadur'

1. Bhai Binod Singh; 2. Bhai Kahan Singh (son of Bhai Binod Singh); 3. Bhai Baaj Singh; 4. Bhai Daya Singh

A Nishan sahib (Flag) and a Nagara (Drum)

Banda Singh Bahadur

Sonepat

It was the residence of Sayyed Jalal-ud-din, the executioner of Guru Teg Bahadur, and of Shashal Beg and Bashal Beg, the executioners of the younger Sahibzadas at Sirhind.

November 26, 1709 A.D.

Osman Khan

Banda Singh Bahadur

On May 12, 1710 A.D. (The battle was fought at Chhappar Chiri, 20 kms from Sarhind.)

Wazir Khan ordered the murder of the two younger sons of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Fateh Singh killed him in the Battle of Chappar-Chiri.

Bibi Anup Kaur (Banda Singh's forces dug the grave to perform her last religious rites)

Baaj Singh

Fateh Singh

Lohgarh meaning Iron Fort. (For all intents and purposes, it became the capital of the Sikh territories.)

1. He struck coins in the name of the Guru.; 2. He introduced an Official Seal for his state documents and letters patent.; 3. He introduced his own Sammat or regnal year from the date of his conquest of Sirhind.

Deg o teg o fateh o nusrat bedirang Yaft az Nanak Guru Gobind Singh (The Kettle and the Sword, Victory and ready Patronage have been obtained from Guru Nanak - Guru Gobind Singh)

Degh means Kettle (symbol of charity or of the means to feed the poor) Tegh means Sword (symbol of power to protect the weak and helpless) Fateh means Victory

The Mullas raised a green banner, called the Haidri Flag, and proclaimed a crusade ( jehad ) against the Sikhs.

'Fateh Darshan' meaning Victory to the Presence. (It was later rejected by the Khalsa since it came to be used for and to replace the old Sikh Salutation of 'Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh'.)

Bhai Gulab Singh (on December 10, 1710)

February 18, 1712

Jahander Shah

Farrukh Siyar

October, 1713 A.D.

Sahib Kaur. (He had by her a son, named Ranjit Singh - not the same as Maharaja Ranjit Singh)

Abd-us-Samad Khan (father of Zakhriya Khan)

Fortress (Garhi) of Gurdaspur

Binod Singh had a difference in opinion with Banda Singh. Apparently, he proposed evacuating the enclosure and following their old tactics of cutting through the enemy's lines for a place of safety. Banda Singh was not in favor of it. Binod Singh, as per decision reached by his son Kahan Singh, left the enclosure.

December 7, 1715 A.D.

The bodies of Sikhs were ripped opened in search of gold coins supposed to have been swallowed by them.

They were taken to lahore by Abdus Samad Khan and then despatched to Delhi under the charge of his son, Zakhriya Khan.

Baaj Singh

He killed seven soldiers

June 9, 1716

Ajai Singh. The executioner hacked the 4 year old child to pieces joint by joint with a long knife, dragged out his quivering heart and thrust it into the mouth of his father, Banda Singh Bahadur.

His eyes were first removed by the point of a butcher's knife. His left foot and then his two hands were severed from the body. His flesh was then torn with red-hot pincers, and finally he was decapitated and hacked to pieces limb by limb.

Exalted Spirit

A division of Sikhs that apotheosized Banda Singh Bahadur and believed that he had inherited the succession of Guruship from Guru Gobind Singh Ji. They claimed that they should have an equal share in the management of the Gurdwaras and other affairs of the Panth.

'Tat Khalsa' as distinguished from the followers of other denominations who held that the personal Guruship had not been abolished by Guru Gobind Singh, and that their allegiance was still due to their respective preceptors.

In practice, the Sikh congregation (Sangat) would sit together, with the Holy Granth in their midst, and deliberating over questions of common interest would give their decisions in the form of resolutions, called 'Gurmatas'. All Sikhs were expected to receive them as decisions of the Guru and any attempt made to contravene them was looked upon as an act of sacrilege. Such meetings of the whole people, called the 'Sarbat Khalsa', were to be held twice a year, on the occasion of Diwali (October) and Vaisakhi (April).

Bhai Mani Singh and Kirpal Singh. Bhai Mani Singh was appointed Granthi (Head Priest) of Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple), Amritsar in 1721.

Zakhrya Khan, also known as 'Khan Bahadur', was appointed Governor of Lahore in 1726 A.D. when his father, Abdus Samad Khan was transferred to Multan.

22 men. All got martyred fighting the Mughal army in 1726 A.D.

1733 A.D.

Subeg Singh. He was allowed to sit among the Khalsa assembly at Akal Takht, Amritsar, only after he had gone through the ceremony of exculpation, called 'tankhah', for having been a co-operator with the government.

Kapur Singh of Faizullapur

Under the conditions that (1) he should be permitted to continue to serve in Guru-ka-langar and (2) to look after the horses and (3) that five Sikhs should touch with sacred feet the Royal Command, both in order to reject it with contempt and also to sanctify it for acceptance

Buddha Dal (the army of the veterans) and Taruna Dal (the army of the young). The Buddha Dal was entrusted with the task of looking after the holy places, preaching the Gurus word and inducting converts into the Khalsa Panth by holding Baptismal ceremonies. The Taruna Dal was the more active division and its function was to fight in times of emergencies.

Nawab Kapoor Singh

Charat Singh Sukarchakia

Nawab Kapur Singh

Haqiqat Rai

July, 1734 A.D.

1735 A.D.

1738 A.D. Bhai Mani Singh was to pay Rs.5000 after the fair, which was to last 10 days.

Bhai Mani Singh hoped that he would be able to pay the sum out of the offerings to be made by the Khalsa attending the fair. The Governor, however, tricked him by sending a force under Diwan Lakhpat Rai to Amritsar on the day of the fair and scaring the Sikhs away.

His body was cut to pieces limb by limb.

Bhai Mani Singh Ji

21 (Twenty One) : 11 brothers and 10 sons.

Most of the Sikhs left the plains and sought shelter in the Shivalik hills, Lakhi Jungle and the sandy deserts of Rajputana.

1739 A.D.

Nadir Shah told Zakhriya Khan that "The time is not far when these people (Sikhs) would raise their heads and become the rulers of this country."

Ten Rupees paid to anyone giving information which lead to the arrest of a Sikh. Fifty Rupees paid to anyone bringing the head of a Sikh.

Brought in cartloads of heads of Sikhs

He held charge of Golden Temple and banned Sikhs from visiting it. He had turned the holy precincts into a stable and the inmost sanctuary into a nautchhouse where he used to smoke and drink and enjoy dance of public women. He also started abusing Hindus and Sikhs of Amritsar.

Bhai Mehtab Singh and Bhai Sukha Singh

In August 1740, they reached Amritsar. Disguising themselves as Mohammedans and filling two bags with well rounded brick-bats, they entered the precincts of the temple under the pretext of paying their land-revenue. While Sukha singh watched the entrance, Mehtab Singh fell on the tyrant like lightening and cut off his head.

Budha Jorh in Deserts of Rajasthan.

Publicly broken on the wheel.

Grand Trunk Road near Sarai Nurdin

One Anna (6.25 Paise) per cart and one Paisa per donkey-load.

Since no one reported them to the Mughals and paid their tolls without complaining, Bota Singh himself wrote to the Governor of Lahore announcing himself and the tax he was levying on travellers. Zakhriya Khan sent a detachment of 100 horses to arrest him. Bota Singh and Garja Singh refused to surrender and died fighting.

June, 1745 A.D.

He cultivated fields and whatever was produced, he offered to his Sikh brethren in exile. This was considered treason and he was reported by Harbhagat of Jandiala and executed. His hair was scrapped of his scalp.

June, 1745 A.D.

His son, Yahiya Khan.

Subeg Singh, who had contracts with government, was martyred under suspicion that he was supplying info to Sikhs. His 15 year old son, Shahbaz Singh was martyred because he refused to convert to Islam under the wishes of this Qazi at the Mohammedan school he studied at. Subeg Singh and Shahbaz Singh were put on a wheel with slashing knives arranged around it and turned on it.

Jaspat Rai, Faujdar of Eminabad.

Nirbhau Singh got onto the elephant of Jaspat Rai and cut off his head.

Holocaust

1746

Yahiya Khaan and Lakhpat Rai (Lakhpat was Hindu Diwaan)

At least 7000 were killed and 3000 brought as prisoners to Lahore, where they were beheaded at the 'Nakhas', after being subjected to indignities and torture.

Yahiya Khan was ousted by his younger brother, Shah Nawaz Khan, the Governor of Multan, in March 1747. Lakhpat Rai was also thrown in prison.

June 8, 1747 A.D.

Ahmed Shah Durrani (also known as Ahmed Shah Abdali)

Ahmed Shah Durrani, ruler of Kabul.

January 12, 1748 A.D.

The Mughals defeated Ahmed Shah Durrani in the battle of Manupur, near Sirhind, in the middle of March, 1748.

Sardar Charat Singh Sukarchakia

Mir Mannu, on April 11, 1748 A.D.

May 3, 1718 A.D.

Badar Singh

5 years old

Mata Sundri Ji

For a period of about 7 years.

Sardar Kapur Singh. Jassa Singh became famous as his adopted son.

Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. He chopped off the head of Salabat Khan in the battle.

1. Ahluwalia (led by Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia); 2. Bhangi (led by Sardar Hari Singh Bhangi.) Also called Dhillon Sardars.; 3. Dalewalia (led by Gulab Singh Dalewalia); 4. Faizalpuria (led by Nawab Kapoor Singh Virk); 5. Kanaihya (led by Jai Singh Kanaihya); 6. Karor Singhia (led by Karora Singh Dhaliwal); 7. Nakai (led by Hari Singh Nakai); 8. Nishanwala (led by Dasaundha Singh); 9. Ramgarhia (led by Nand Singh Sanghania); 10. Sukerchakia (led by Nodh Singh.) Ranjit Singh's Misl.; 11. Shaheed (drew their name from Baba Deep Singh Ji Shaheed)

Dal Khalsa

Nawab Kapur Singh

March 29, 1748 A.D.

Rauni is a thick boundary wall or enclosure. It is not a fortress or a fort, but is a minor shelter.

Ram Rauni, after the name of the fourth Guru, Guru Ramdas. The enclosure was built on a piece of land near Ramsar.

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia in 1753.

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia when he defeated the ruler of Lahore in 1761

In 1778, Jassa Singh occupied Kapurthala and assumed the title of king. He also issued coins.

Deg o teg o fateh o nusrat bedirang Yaft az Nanak Guru Gobind Singh

Jassa Singh Ramgharia, his 3 brothers and some associates.

The Ram Rauni was seized in October, 1748 by Adeena Beg and Jassa Singh Ramgharia and the seize went on for 3 months from October-December, 1748.

He decided to desert the royal army and join his brethren Singhs.

December, 1748 A.D., nine months after his first invasion in March, 1748.

Diwan Koura Mal made this offering. The holy tank which had been filled up by the orders of Lakhpat Rai in Yahiya Khan's time, was dug up and cleaned.

January, 1752 A.D.

March 1752 A.D. He was killed by a shot fired by an agent of Adeena Beg during the defeat of Mir Mannu at the hands of the Durranis.

March 1752 A.D.

He tortured them in order to force them to abandon their religion. He ordered the children and babies of imprisoned Sikh women to be speared alive, or cut up into pieces and made into necklaces to be put around the mother's neck.

Four years

Rs. 80 (equivalent to one year's pay)

The government replaced it with another horse.

October 7, 1753 A.D.

November 2, 1753 A.D.

April 10, 1756 A.D.

January 28, 1757 A.D.

September 15, 1758 A.D.

October 25, 1759 A.D.

January 14, 1761 A.D.

For his act of submission to the foreigner - in March 1761, Ala Singh was confirmed as a ruler independent of Sirhind in return for a tribute of five lakhs annually.

About 2200 Hindu women.

February 3, 1762 A.D.

February 5, 1762

10,000 (mainly women and children)

April 10, 1762 A.D. The tank after being desecrated with the blood of cows was filled with refuse and debris. The 'Bunghas' (rest-houses) meant for pilgrims were destroyed.

As the buildings were being blown up, a flying brick-bat struck him on his nose and inflicted a wound from which he never recovered.

Baba Deep Singh was incharge of the Gurdwara at Talwandi Sabo, called Damdama Saheb. He had received baptism from the hands of Guru Gobind Singh Ji himself. He was one of the most scholarly Sikhs of his time and had helped the tenth Guru, along with Bhai Mani Singh, in preparing the final version of the Adi Granth. On hearing about the desecration of Harmandir Saheb (Golden Temple) by Durrani, he started at once to avenge the insult. In the battle of Goharval, he received a mortal wound, but supporting his wounded head, he went on fighting untill he fell dead in the precincts of Harmandir Saheb.

To free the wife of a brahmin of Kasur on april 10, 1763.

Jassa Singh Ahluwalia in 1764.

October, 1764 A.D.

November, 1765 A.D.

The brick-bat that hit his nose during his desecration of Harmandar Saheb made a wound that turned cancerous and eventually caused his death

October 20, 1783 A.D.

Delhi

Shah Alam II

30,000 men

Tees Hazari (The Place of 30,000)

Nov. 13, 1780 at Gujranwala

Mahan Singh (son of Sardar Charat Singh)

Raj Kaur

Sardarni Sada Kaur, wife of Jai Singh, the Kanhaiya leader. (She is believed to be the ladder by which Ranjit Singh reached the climax of his power)

Mehtab Kaur, daughter of Sardarni Sada Kaur.

Rani Raj Kaur, daughter of Nakai Sardar Khazan Singh

Sher Singh and Tara Singh (born of Mehtab Kaur), Dilip Singh (born of Jind Kaur), and Kharak Singh (born of Rani Raj Kaur).

Maharaja Ranjit Singh

40 Years (1799-1839)

Kohinoor diamond

The wife of Shah Shuja, the former king of Kabul, whom Maharaja Ranjit Singh released from his opponents in Kashmir.

Attock

Jamjama Top (gun)

July 7, 1799 A.D.

In 1802 A.D.

He annexed Multan in 1818 A.D., Kashmir in 1819 A.D., and Peshawar and Bannu in 1823 A.D.

Baisakhi day of 1801 A.D.

Nanakshahi Rupee

50 years (1799-1849 A.D.)

Because he slayed a lion (tiger) with a sword while on a hunting expedition with Maharaja Ranjit Singh, thus saving both his life and the Maharaja's

Hari Singh has come

Gurdwara Panja Saheb

Fortress at Jamrud

'Nihang' is a persian word which means 'crocodile'.

Akali Phula Singh

1807

When Ranjit Singh married a Muslim woman, named Moran of Lahore, Akali Phula Singh, as the Jathedar of Akal Takth declared that Maharaja Ranjit Singh is not a Sikh anymore and is a 'Tankhaiya' which means out of Sikhism. He ordered the defendant to be at Golden temple before the community. Ranjit Singh came and admitted that he had made a mistake. Akali Phula Singh ordered 50 lashes for Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh bowed down to receive his punishment. Panj Pyaras were gratified at the submission of the Maharaja and took a lenient view and accepted a fine of Rs. 1,25,000 from the Maharaja.

Akali Phula Singh

June 27, 1839

November 6, 1840 A.D. (His son, Naunihal Singh died on same day too).

The Dogras

Maharaja Sher Singh became successor on January 18, 1841 A.D.

September, 1843 A.D.

Maharaja Duleep Singh, son of Maharani Jind Kaur.

In 1853, Maharaja Duleep Singh, the last Sikh ruler of the Punjab, accepted the Christian faith.

Sardar Thakur Singh Sandhawalia. He was the chief agent of Maharaja Duleep Singh in India during his struggle against the British Government in the eighteen eighties. It was he who had provided the Maharaja with important documentary evidence in support of the Maharaja's claims to his private ancestral estates in the Punjab and had used his influence to win the sympathies of the Sikhs in his favor.

Sardar Thakur Singh Sandhawalia.

Maharaja Duleep Singh died in Paris on October 22, 1893.

1845-46 A.D.

1848-49 A.D.

The Brahma Sabha, later known as Brahmo Samaj, was founded by Raja Rammohan Roy in Bengal in 1828.

The Arya Samaj was established at Bombay in 1875. The seed was sown by the publication of Swami Dayananda's 'Satyarth Prakash' in Hindi.

Baba Dayal, a contemporary of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, founded the Nirankari Darbar at Rawalpindi in 1851 A.D. (this body later took the form of a sect.)

The Formless One

Baba Dayal was born at Peshawar in 1783.

Baba Dayal got married in March 1808 (Chet) at Bhera to the daughter of Bhai Charan Dass Kapur. It was the month of Chet which, according to Brahamanical cult, is inauspicious and hence no Pandit would agree to perform the ceremony. Baba Dayal hit upon a new idea of a new and revolutionary type of marriage. Shabads and Anand Sahib was recited and Ardas was done for the success of this "Anand Marriage".

Baba Dayal died on 30th January, 1855.

Baba Dayal appointed his eldest son, Baba Darbara Singh to succeed him.

On March 13, 1855, Baba Darbara Singh called a conference of his followers at the Nirankari darbar at Rawalpindi. Here a young couple was united in wedlock by the Anand Marriage by circumambulating the Guru Granth Sahib four times with the tunes of the hymns. Thereafter four 'Lavan' composed by Guru Ram Das Ji and shabads were recited. In history, this may be said to be the first "Anand Marriage".

The founder was Bhai Balak Singh of Hazro but his follower Baba Ram Singh Namdhari gave it a more positive orientation.

Baba Ram Singh was born on February 3, 1816.

Sixty-five Kukas were unjustifiably blown from the guns by the British Government in India on January 17-18, 1872, when they decided to march against the butchers of Maler-Kotla.

Baba Ram Singh was deported to Rangoon where he died on November 29, 1884.

Sardar Thakur Singh Sandhawalia of Raja Sansi was the originator of Singh Sabha at Amritsar in 1873. He was the president of the society and Giani Gian Singh the secretary. (Other prominent Sikhs like Baba Khem Singh Bedi and Kanwar Bikram Singh were involved too, but he was the moving spirit of the body.)

1. restore Sikhism to it's pristine purity;; 2. edit and publish historical and religious books;; 3. propagate current knowledge, using Punjabi as the medium, and to start magazines and newspapers in Punjabi;; 4. reform and bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates; and

The second Singh Sabha was established in Lahore in 1879, with Dewan Boota Singh and Professor Gurmukh Singh as President and Secretary.

The Amritsar Singh Sabha became the central organization and other Singh Sabha's became associated with it. It's name was changed to Khalsa Diwan. Baba Khem Singh Bedi became the President and Professor Gurmukh Singh it's chief Secretary.

Professor Gurmukh Singh founded the Khalsa Diwan of Lahore in 1886.

A newspaper called the "Khalsa Akhbar" was started by the Khalsa Diwan, with Bhai Dit Singh as it's editor.

1. Ham Hindu Nahin; 2. Gurmat Prabhakar; 3. Gurmat Sudhakar

The main work of the Khalsa Diwan was the foundation of the Khalsa College, Amritsar, in 1892.

Professor Gurmukh Singh died in 1898.

The Lahore Khalsa Diwan could not survive the incessant shocks of the deaths of Sir Attar Singh (1896), Professor Gurmukh Singh (1898), and Bhai Dit Singh (1901). It's place was taken by the Chief Khalsa Diwan, Amritsar, that held it's first meeting on October 30, 1902. Bhai Arjun Singh was elected President and Sardar Sunder Singh Majithia, the Secretary.

Babu Teja Singh founded a new association called the "Panch Khalsa Diwan", which did much useful work in propagating the mission of Guru Gobind Singh, but in the end floundered pitifully in trying to rearrange the text of Guru Granth Saheb by excluding the compositions of the Bards (Bhattas) and including those of the Tenth Guru.

The Anand Marriage Act, legalising the Sikh form of marriage, was passed in 1909.

The Kirpan was exempted from the Arms Act (in India) in 1914.

The Sikhs organized a political body of their own, called the "Sikh League", and held it's first session at Amritsar, in 1919.

It was called the Akali Movement.

S.G.M. Beatty

904 hospitalized

Sundar Das

September 13, 1922.

To feed the Akali prisoners from Guru-ka-Baagh, who had not been given any food by the British authorities

Partaap Singh and Karam Singh on October 31, 1922.

1. Indians had to have at least $200 on their person to enter British Columbia (An average Indian earned about 10 cents a day!)

1907 A.D. They were prohibited to run for public office, serve on juries, and were not permitted to become accountants, lawyers, or pharmacists.

In order to fight the unjust immigration laws, the Indians (mostly Sikhs) organized the Khalsa Diwan Society in Vancouver in 1907 with branches in other provinces.

Mutiny.

The word 'Ghadr' was the name given to the newspaper edited and published for the Hindustani Association of the Pacific Coast which was founded at Portland, USA, in 1912. The movement this Association gave rise to for revolutionary activities in India also came to be known as the 'Ghadr Movement'.

The Komagata Maru was a Japanese steamliner chartered by an affluent businessman, Gurdit Singh, to bring Indian immigrants to Canada in 1914. The ship's route departed from Hong Kong, stopped in Japan and then headed to Canada. It's passengers included 376 Indians, all Punjabis, among whom 340 were Sikhs. The ship was eventually turned back at Vancouver where landing was refused, and terminated eventually at Calcutta.

The Komagata Maru reached Vancouver on May 23, 1914. After two months of a heated legal battle, the ship was forced to leave Vancouver on July 23, 1914. Only 24 passengers were given permission to legally stay in Canada.

When the Komagata Maru approached Calcutta on September 26, 1914, the ship was redirected by European gunboats to a place called Budge Budge, about 17 miles from Calcutta.

Twenty-nine fell victim to the bullets of the British officials and 20 died.

April 13, 1919 A.D.

General Dyer

309 Sikhs killed at Jallianwaala Baagh

Sir Michael O'Dwyer used to be the Lt. Governor of Punjab who had approved General Dyer's actions at Jallianwaala Baagh

The Rowlatt Act - intended to combat revolutionary struggle for freedom

The Shiromani Gurdwara Prabhandak Committee was a statutory body comprising elected representatives of the Sikhs concerned primarily with the management of sacred Sikh Shrines under it's control within the terretorial limits of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and the Union Territory of Chandigarh. It originated with the Gurdwara Reform or Akali Movement of the early 1920's.

At the Akal Takht on December 20, 1920.

Sardar Sundar Singh Majithia

Baba Kharak Singh

Sardar Sunder Singh Ramgarhia

January 26, 1921.

Bhai Hazara Singh and Bhai Hukum Singh, who achieved martyrdom at Gurdwara Tarn Taran.

Mahant Narain Dass.

February 21, 1921.

The government-appointed Manager of the Golden Temple, Sardar Sunder Singh Ramgarhia.

January 19, 1922

M.K. Gandhi

1. Guru Nanak Chamatkar; 2. Kalgidhar Chamatkar; 3. Baba Nodh Singh

Padam Shiri

1. Sundri; 2. Bijay Singh

By their resolution No. 14 of 12th October, 1936. (The S.G.P.C.'s Advisory Committee on Religious Matters again considered the draft in its meeting on 7th January, 1945 and made recommendations for certain additions to and deletions from it.)

1. Jaap Saheb; 2. Bichitra Natak; 3. Akal Ustat (includes the 10 sawaye of the daily Sikh prayer); 4. Shabad Hazare; 5. Sawaya Tatees; 6. Zaffarnama; 7. Chandi Charitra; 8. Gian Parbodh; 9. Chaubis Avtaar; 10. Shastra Nam mala; 11. Hikayat

Nanakshahi Calendar

Solar Calendar

The year one of the Nanakshai Calendar is the year of Guru Nanak Dev Ji's birth (1469 CE)

The year length of the Nanakshahi Calendar is the same as the Western calendar and is 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 45 seconds.

The Nanakshahi Calendar contains 5 months of 31 days followed by 7 months of 30 days. During the leap year (every 4 years), the last month (Phagun) has an extra day.

1. Chet (starts March 14); 2. Vaisakh (starts April 14); 3. Jeth (starts May 15); 4. Haarh (starts June 15); 5. Saavan (starts July 16); 6. Bhaadon (starts August 16); 7. Assu (starts September 15); 8. Kattak (starts October 15); 9. Maggar (starts November 14); 10. Poh (starts December 14); 11. Maagh (starts January 13)

The Nanakshahi Calendar was developed by a Canadian Sikh, Pal Singh Purewal, a retired computer engineer.

1. Aetvaar (Sunday); 2. Somvaar (Monday); 3. Mangalvaar (Tuesday); 4. Budhvaar (Wednesday); 5. Veervaar (Thursday); 6. Shukarvaar (Friday)

The Nanakshahi Calendar was implemented by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) on April 14, 2003.

Samat 558 of the Nanakshahi Calendar. Last Updated: May 8, 2026 If you have any comments or suggestions, please send an e-mail to AskGurdeep@gmail.com or text Gurdeep Singh at (301) 785 5105. The latest updated version is available at the web site: http://www.ghiss.org/history.htm. Copyright ©2026 by GHISS Visit the SikhLink Store at www.sikhlink.net or email SikhLink@gmail.com for all your Sikhism-related needs including excellent books on Sikh History and Gurmat, Harmoniums, Tablas, Dholaks, Kakkars, Rumaaley, Vinyl Khandas for your cars, Kirpans, Sikh Artefacts, Palkis, DVDs, and a variety of other items.